Furthermore, to provide additional relevant information, review articles evaluating vaccines against COVID\19 treatment were profoundly studied. 3.?RESULTS This review assimilates the search results of 1789 articles after preliminary screening conducted on PubMed, Google scholar, and web resources. SARS\CoV\2 contamination. There are several vaccine candidates at preclinical and clinical stages; however, only 42 vaccines are under clinical trials. Therefore, more industry collaborations and financial supports to COVID\19 studies are needed for mass\scale vaccine development. To develop effective vaccine platforms against SARS\CoV\2, the genetic resemblance with other coronaviruses?are being evaluated which may further promote fast\track trials on previously developed SARS\CoV Nanaomycin A vaccines. family, subfamily, and order. 5 , 6 On the basis of their genetic structure, the coronavirus have been classified into alpha (), beta (), gamma (), and delta () genera. Among these genera, only \ and \ coronavirus infect mammals. 7 By evaluating the complete genome sequence of SARS\CoV\2 coronavirus, it was reported that this computer virus posses a genetic similarity of 96.2% with bat CoV RaTG13 and 70% with SARS\CoV. 7 , 8 , 9 Furthermore, similar to other coronaviruses, SARS\CoV\2 also encodes structural proteins, namely nucleocapsid protein (N), envelope protein (E), membrane protein (M), and spike protein (S). 7 The immunopathogenicity of SARS\CoV\2 coronavirus was studied on the Cdh5 basis of genetic similarity with SARS\CoV causing protective immune responses against SARS\CoV\2. 7 , 10 , 11 , 12 These studies facilitate the understanding of immune responses against SARS\CoV\2 which are potentially leveraged for vaccine development. Epidemiological, clinical, laboratory, and radiological outcomes of confirmed 2019\Novel coronavirus (2019\nCoV) contamination in patients were analyzed by Huang et al. 13 and the symptomatic similarity among hospitalized and nonhospitalized COVID\19 patients were confirmed. In Nanaomycin A this study, ICU patients exhibited higher plasma level of proinflammatory cytokines, namely IL2, IL7, IL10, GSCF, IP10, MCP1, MIP1A, and TNF\. Moreover, humoral immune response in 208 clinical subjects against recombinant viral N\proteins was evaluated confirming the generation of detectable IgM and IgA within 5 days and IgG within 14 days of contamination. 14 The detection efficiency of IgM\Enzyme\Linked Immunosorbent Assay (IgM\ELISA) was found higher in comparison to quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR); however, combining IgM\ELISA with qPCR significantly improved the positive detection rate (98.6%). Similar to SARS\CoV and middle east respiratory syndrome\related coronavirus (MERS) coronaviruses, antibody response in COVID\19 patients was also short\termed as compare to T\cell response, therefore, developing an effective epitope\based vaccine against SARS\CoV\2 contamination was recommended. Initially, the combination of antiviral drugs, such as chloroquine, remdesivir, favipiravir, and arbidol, along with antibiotics were prescribed for SARS\CoV\2 contamination in clinical patients. 15 , 16 , 17 Randomized clinical trials were studied by administering lopinavir\ritonavir (1:1 ratio) in COVID\19 patients twice a day for 14 days. A similar mortality rate between treated and standard care groups was reported. 18 Severe gastrointestinal adverse effects in the standard care group were noticed, and therefore, treatment was stopped in Nanaomycin A 13.8% Nanaomycin A patients. Furthermore, irregular heartbeats and cardiac arrest in patients prescribed with hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) Nanaomycin A and antibiotic azithromycin against SARS\CoV\2 pneumonia were also reported. 19 , 20 Therefore, HCQ was approved by the food and drug administration (FDA) on March 30, 2020, for only hospitalized suspected or confirmed COVID\19 patients under emergency use authorization. 21 On the other hand, convalescent plasma or immunoglobulins based treatment therapy was also provided to COVID\19 patients. It has been previously prescribed in H1N1, HIV\1, and Ebola viral infections. 22 However, plasma therapy is not efficient in end\stage COVID\19 patients. 23 In considering forgoing passive antibodies, a.
